Ambient concentrations of PANs and other related air pollutants were monitored at an urban site in Beijing each August from 2006 to 2014. The NO_x concentration decreased at a rate of 1.7 nL/(L/yr) (about 4%/yr), and the PAN concentration decreased at a rate of 0.03 nL/(L/yr) (about 3%/yr), while the O₃ concentration increased at a rate of 1.5 nL/(L/yr) (about 4%/yr), indicating that the measures taken to cut NO_x were effective for controlling PAN concentration. Beijing needs to strengthen the control of VOCs with reducing NO_x emissions for reducing O₃ concentration.

The immobilized cellulase was prepared by using aminated SiO₂ with glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agent. The best immobilized reacting condition were glutaraldehyde concentration of 4% (v/v), crosslinking time for 60 minutes, cellulase dosage of 35 U/g and reaction time for 5 hours. The obtained immobilized cellulase displayed best enzyme activity. Compared with free cellulase, immobilized one had lower sensitivity to pH and temperature of reacting system and higher time stability and thermal stability. The immobilized cellulase had higer Ed, ΔH^*, ΔS^* and ΔG^* to thermo inactivation reaction, which showed that the immobilization slowed down the inactivation velocity of cellulase and reduced the potentiality of inactivation reaction.

Based on the study of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) production and consumption sectors investigation and literature research, the emission of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) was reported. The emission inventory of SCCPs was listed and the emission of SCCPs in China during 2007 to 2011 was estimated. The total emission of China’s 2011 SCCPs is 1788.67 ton, the emissions to the atmosphere reaches 498.32 ton, the water discharge reaches 1290.35 ton; the result also shows the largest emission is the use of processing of metal cutting fluid. If there are no further steps to control the emission of SCCPs, it would reach 2562.51 ton in 2016, which would pose a huge threat to the ecological environment and human health.

Online measurement and analysis were taken for PAN and PPN during the 2010 World Expo in Pudong New District, Shanghai. The highest concentration were 5500 pptv and 709 pptv, respectively. PAN was higher in the month of May and June than that in July and August. The diurnal variations for PAN and PPN changed significantly, the lowest concentration occurred at 6:00 and the highest value occurred at 12:00. The ratio between PAN and PPN in July, August and October was lower than that in the other months, indicating that the maganitude of the anthropogenic VOCs declined. Average ratio of daily maximum PAN and O₃ was 0.034 with 93.4% ratio lower than 0.07, which was smaller than the typical urban ratio value.

Emission inventory of HCFC-141b in China was established based on the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006). Constitution and trend of HCFC-141b emission was analyzed. The product retire emission, which considered to be the largest part of emission, accounts for 48.7% of the total; under Montreal Protocol Phaseout Schedule (MPPS) and Accelerated Phaseout Schedule (APS) scenarios, total ODP emission reduction would be 7.30×10⁴ tons and 7.46×10⁴ tons ODP and GHG emission reduction would be 4.7317×10⁸ tons and 4.8381×10⁸ tons CO₂-eq respectively during 2010-2030; compared to the MPPS scenario, the APS scenario result in additional 3.815×10⁷ tons CO₂-eq GHG emission reduction during HCFC-141b emission period and most of the reduction comes from refrigerator, water heater insulation and panel sub-sector. China makes great contribution on global GHGs reduction during the implementation of Montreal Protocol.

This study investigated the consumptions of HCFC-22 from 1989 to 2007 in China according to the end-use data from HCFC-22 related sectors including air-conditioning, industrial and commercial refrigerant, foam and chemical sectors, and calculated the HCFC-22 emissions from the correspondent sectors by using the bottom-up approach. In line with the accelerating process of HCFCs phaseout schedule and the development plan of related sector in China, the consumptions and emissions of HCFC-22 were estimated for the next 20 year. These results can be used for China’s phaseout plan of HCHF-22.

The concentrations of atmospheric PAN and PPN were measured by online instrument in Beijing from Aug.15 to Sep.12, 2006, and the correlation and concentration variation of PANs were analyzed. The results show that there was a high concentration of PAN and PPN in urban and rural atmosphere in Beijing. The highest concentrations of PAN and PPN were 11219×10^-12 and 1953×10^-12 L/L respectively at Zhongguancun site and 2505×10^-12 and 413×10^-12 L/L at Yufa site. PAN had a good correlation with PPN, also correlated with O_3. Thermal decomposition of PAN (TDPAN) accounted for 10%-70% of the total PAN (the measured PAN+TDPAN).

Pentachlorophenol(PCP) and its sodium salt were studied. The region of interest is Jintan area in Jiangsu province where PCP has been used as pesticide against oncomelania for a long time. A dynamic multimedia fugacity model was constructed to model the environmental behavior of PCP in the area from 1959 to 2003 and the concentrations of PCP in environmental medium were calculated. For 1993, the results were compared with the monitoring data. The PCP concentrations in air, water, soil and sediment are 1.03×10^-4ng/m³，0.58μg/L，1.37μg/kg　and　4.91μg/kg respectively, and the orders are the same as those from monitoring data, while the PCP concentration in vegetation (19.2μg/kg) is one to two orders higher. Through uncertainty analysis, the influence of uncertainties of input parameters on model results has been studied.

Based on the optimum condition for removal of pentachlorophenol in water by using HRP immobilized by Ｆe_３Ｏ_４sorption-gelatin embedding-cross linkage method as catalyzer, the reacting fitting and the removal efficiency were studied. The flow rate of PCP solution through the fitting was selected for better removal efficiency of Pentachlorophenol. The repetitive use of immobilized HRP for PCP removal, and the effect of secondary treatment of wastewater were also examined. The results indicate that the optimal flow rate of PCP solution for the removal efficiency of the reacting fitting is around 3mL/min and the PCP removal rate is quite stable. Repetitive use of immobilized HRP for PCP removal is stable. Once the PCP removal efficiency of primary treatment couldn't meet the drainage standard for PCP concentration, secondary treatment is also feasible. The PCP removal rate of secondary treatment can reach 92.7%, and the residual concentration of PCP can reach 0.98mg/L, which is under national first drainage standard (5mg/L) evidently.

Fe₃O₄-asorption-gelatin-entrapping method for immobilization of horseradish peroxidase was established. Immobilization efficiency of this carrier was compared with that of sodium alginate, gelatin and open pore gelatin cube. It was found that higher efficiency could be achieved by Fe₃O₄-asorption-gelatin-entrapping method. The stabilities of different immobilized enzymes and free HRP were also compared, and the stability of immobilized HRP with Fe₃O₄-gelatin as carrier was considerably higher than the stabilities of other enzymes. Effects of concentration of glutaraldehyde and gelatin, crosslinking time, dosage of HRP and Fe₃O₄ on the activity of immobilized HRP were studied. The results of optimal conditions of immobilization were as follows: the optimal ratio of dosage of HRP and Fe₃O₄ was about 95 u HRP/g Fe₃O₄, the optimal ratio of Fe₃O₄ and gelatin was 1.0g Fe₃O₄/10mL 10％～20％ gelatin, the optimal glutaraldehyde concentration was 0.5% and the optimal crosslinking time was 30min. On this condition, the activity of immobilized HRP was about 1.1u/g and the recovery of enzyme activity was around 15%. Repetitive use of immobilized HRP for the elimination of PCP was examined and stable efficiency of PCP degradation was achieved.

The effect of iron ions on degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenols by Laccase in wastewater was studied. The results indicated that the Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ inhibited the reaction catalyzed by the free enzyme, but the effect on the immobilized laccase was less than on that free enzyme. It showed that the stability of laccase had been improved after immobilization due to protection of carrier.

Research on the removal of 2,4-DCP in aqueous solution by laccase immobilized on chitosan were studied. Factors, such as pH value, temperature and adsorption on support that could influence the oxidation were discussed in detail compared with free laccase. The results indicated that the optimal pH for 2,4-DCP removal by immobilized laccase was around 5.5, lower than the free enzyme for pH 6.0. The optimum temperature of immobilized laccase was between 35℃ and 45℃, wider than the free enzyme. Adsorption of chlorophenol on support had a little effect on the degradation reaction and removal rates of chlorophenols, and the decrease of chlorophenols levels was resulted from catalyzeing for laccase. The continuous oxidation of 2,4-DCP, carried out in the static system of immobilized laccase, showed that the removal efficiency of immobilized laccase still remained over 60% after 6 cycles of operation. Thus the catalytic efficiency of laccase was greatly improved.

Laccase has been immobilized on chitosan with glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agent. The effects on the activity of immobilized laccase, such as concentration of glutaraldehyde, crosslinking time, laccase dosage and reaction time were studied. The results showed the optimal conditions of immobilization: the optimal glutaraldehyde concentration was 5%, the optimal crosslinking time was 8h, the optimal laccase dosage was 20mg/g carrier, and the optimal reaction time was 6h. On this condition, the recovery of enzyme activity was 52.2%. The results indicated that the optimal pH for immobilized laccase was around 4.5, which is lower than the best pH 5.0 for free enzyme. Compared with the free enzyme, its stability and repetition were considerably improved.

Researches on the removal of PCP by free HRP with the existence of H₂O₂ were conducted. PCP was measured by safranine-T spectrophotometric method (GB 9803-88). Results indicated that HRP could effectively oxidate PCP in aqueous solution. Factors, such as acidity, temperature, enzyme activity, and initial concentration of PCP and H₂O₂, which could influence the oxidation, were studied. Results showed that the optimum pH value for free enzyme was 5~6; relative higher temperature could accelerate the reaction greatly; removal rate increased with the increase of enzyme concentration, and removal rate could reach nearly 70% under the highest enzyme concentration (about 0.05u/mL) adopted in the experiment; removal rate increased slightly with the increase of initial concentration of PCP; the molar ratio of the reaction between PCP and H₂O₂ is about 1∶2. Based on above results, researches on the oxidation of PCP by immobilized HRP were conducted. Firstly, through chemical bonding method, free HRP was immobilized on polyacrylamide gel prepared by γ ray radiation method; then immobilized HRP was filled into a column, and PCP was successfully oxidated by immobilized HRP column. Finally, results were analyzed and compared with results using free HRP.

Laccase being catalyzer, the degradation mechanism of 2,4-Dichlorophenol, 4-Chlorophenol and 2-Chlorophenol is studied. The effects of reaction time, pH, temperature, concentration of chlorophenols and laccase on the removal of chlorophenols are discussed in detail, as well as the optimum reaction condition. The results indicate that reactivity of 2,4-DCP is better than that of other two chlorophenols under laccase catalyzing, with a degradation rate of 94% in 10 h， then 2-CP, 75% and 4-CP 69% in 10 h. The suitable pH for laccase to degrade chlorophenols is around 5.5. The removal of chlorophenols increases with increase of laccase concentration and temperature, but effects of increase of concentration of chlorophenols on the removal of chlorophenol are different. The reaction of degradation 2,4-DCP catalyzed by laccase followed the first-order reaction and the reaction activation energy is about 44.8 kJ·mol^-1. In addition, laccase is immobilized by using crosslinked chitosan with glutaraldehyde.The activity of immobilized laccase is lower than that of free laccase, but the stability is increased significantly. The immobilized laccase is used to degrade 2,4-DCP repeatedly in 6 days, and the degradation rate in 6 h is more than 60% throughout.

Crosslinked chitosan, butylchitosan and O-carboxymethyl chitosan were prepared by chemical method respectively, and some chitosan with low molar mass was abtained by using γ-ray. Their characters of adsorption Cr(Ⅵ) were observed. For chitosan, the optimum pH of adsorption Cr(Ⅵ) is 5.0～6.0; the time is 2h; 3mg Cr(Ⅵ) can be adsorbed by a gram chitosan and the adsorption rate can be up to 90%. All the adsorption abilities of crosslinked chitosan, butylchitosan and O-carboxymethyl chitosan are stronger than that of original chitosan. For examples, crosslinked chitosan may reach the adsorption saturation in 1h; the optimum pH of adsorption for butylchitosan is near 5.0, so it is more available in acidic condition. After radiation degradation, chitosan has a range of best adsorption in molar mass of (0.4～0.8)×10⁵g/mol.

The concentration of peroxides in atmosphere in Beijing and Guangzhou was measured by using the HPLC post-column derivatization system. The H₂O₂average concentration was 2.33×10^-9, 0.338×10^-9 and 0.148×10^-9(V_H2O2V_air) respectively in May, June and September, 2000 in Beijing. The H₂O₂ average concentration was 0.168×10^-9V_H2O2/V_air) in November, 2000, in Guangzhou. The factors that affected peroxides were discussed. The results showed that peroxide concentration was high in daytime and low at night in both sites. Variation of concentration of organic peroxide is similar to that of hydrogen peroxide. The concentration of peroxides has positive correlation with that of O₃ and HCHO.

The NMR and FT-IR Spectra of ten (η C₆H₉CRR'-Cp)₂MCl₂(M=Ti, Zr) were measured. The constructions of the compounds were identified by ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra. All complexes are bonded by M-Cp through center of Cp. The influence of the center metal atoms and the substituents upon the NMR and FT-IR spectra were discussed.

The FT-IR Spectra of eighteen (R-Cp)₂M(NCS)₂ were measured. The M-Cp, M-NCS(M=Ti, Zr, Hf) and other vibration modes were reasonably assigned. All complexes of (R-Cp)₂M(NCS)₂ determined at this paper are bonded by N-M. The influence of the center metal atoms and the substituent on cyclopentadienyl upon the spectra was discussed. It is mainly in far IR. region that center metal atoms influence upon the IR. spectra. The influence of the substituent on cyclopentadienyling upon its vibration is not significant.

Poly(NIPAAm/X) copolymer hydrogels were synthesized by radiation polymerization at room temperature where X=acrylic acid (AAc), acrylamide (AAm), N-vinyl-4-pyrrolidone(N-vp) and 4-vinyl pyridine(4-vp). The optimum conditions of preparation were given. All the copolymer hydrogels possess temperature sensitivity and nice physical properties. Poly(NIPAAm/AAc) was the only copolymer hydrogel that not only had the temperature sensitivity but also had the pH sensitivity at pH=11, which had the swelling ratio as high as 350. Concentration effect of uranyl ions in dilute aqueous solution by the copolymer hydrogels synthesized here was investigated. It was found that only poly(NIPAAm/AAc) exhibited large concentration capacity for uranyl ions in weak acid solution. The concentration mechanism was discussed.